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Where V + is the voltage at the non-inverting terminal, V − is the voltage at the inverting terminal and A OL is the open-loop gain of the amplifier (the term "open-loop" refers to the absence of a feedback loop from the output to the input). The output voltage of the op-amp is given by the equation: The amplifier's differential inputs consist of a V + input and a V − input, and ideally the op-amp amplifies only the difference in voltage between the two, which is called the differential input voltage. Other types of differential amplifier include the fully differential amplifier (similar to the op-amp, but with two outputs), the instrumentation amplifier (usually built from three op-amps), the isolation amplifier (similar to the instrumentation amplifier, but with tolerance to common-mode voltages that would destroy an ordinary op-amp), and negative feedback amplifier (usually built from one or more op-amps and a resistive feedback network).Īn op-amp without negative feedback (a comparator) The op-amp is one type of differential amplifier. Op-amps may be packaged as components, or used as elements of more complex integrated circuits. Many standard IC op-amps cost only a few cents in moderate production volume however some integrated or hybrid operational amplifiers with special performance specifications may cost over $100 US in small quantities. Op-amps are among the most widely used electronic devices today, being used in a vast array of consumer, industrial, and scientific devices. Characteristics of a circuit using an op-amp are set by external components with little dependence on temperature changes or manufacturing variations in the op-amp itself, which makes op-amps popular building blocks for circuit design. Operational amplifiers had their origins in analog computers, where they were used to do mathematical operations in many linear, non-linear and frequency-dependent circuits. An op-amp produces an output voltage that is typically hundreds of thousands of times larger than the voltage difference between its input terminals. A Signetics μa741 operational amplifier, one of the most successful op-amps.Īn operational amplifier (op-amp) is a DC-coupled high-gain electronic voltage amplifier with a differential input and, usually, a single-ended output.